• Word: a word is a form that has meaning on its own, and can occur in isolation. e.g. Cats.
• Morpheme: a morpheme is the smallest part of a word which still has meaning. e.g. hunter (hunt-er) hunt meaning to pursue and kill, and -er, meaning a person, animal, thing denoting an action.
• Derivation: a derivation morpheme is a morpheme which is added to another to make a new word. e.g. happiest (happy-est) happy being the free morpheme, -est added to happy makes a new word with different properties.
• Flexion: a flexion morpheme is a morpheme which is added to another to add a bit more information. e.g. houses (house-s) house being the free morpheme, and -s is added to give a bit more information i.e. more than one house.
• Free Morpheme: a free morpheme is a morpheme which can be used on its own. e.g. act.
• Bound Morpheme: a bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot be used on its own. e.g. '-s'.
• Allomorph: an allomorph is a morpheme which can change depending on its surroundings. e.g. 'a' & 'an' changes depending on the word behind them, whether it starts with a vowel or consonant.
• Root: the root is the main morpheme in a word, with others added on. The whole word created will still be loosely connected in at least meaning with its root. e.g. modernize (modern-ize) modern being the main morpheme i.e. the root.
• Affix: this is the morpheme added to the root. It can be added to the beginning of the root (prefix) or to the end (suffix). e.g. unkind (un-kind) kind being the root and  'un-' being added to the root.
• Compound: a compound is two words, not morphemes, added together to make a completely new word. e.g. football (foot-ball).

Reference: http://fany.savina.net/2010/01/morphology/,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_compound,

http://www.pearson.ch/HigherEducation/Longman/1471/9780582246911/Contemporary-Linguistics-An-Introduction.aspx

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Aperture is how wide the shutter opens, to control how much light is allowed in. The wider it is the more light can pass through. The higher the number, the smaller the aperture is. Here are some examples of photos with different shutter speeds and what apertures go with the speeds.

This is an example of slow shutter speed (1/2, half a second). While the film was being exposed, the metronome was in constant motion, and the camera blurred the motion. The aperture is small, because less light is needed. The shutter is staying open longer and so the light flows through it for more time. It doesn't need to be wide open.

This is an example of fast shutter speed. The film was only exposed for 1 two hundredth of a second (1/200). The aperture had to be pretty wide, to let in a lot of light needed. Since the shutter was open only for a very short period of time, the aperture was wide.

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